Latin Mini Cheat Sheet — Level 2 (1 page)

1) 3rd Declension (m/f)

rex, regis (king); mater, matris (mother)

	Nom	Gen	Dat	Acc	Abl
Sing.	(var.)	-is	-i	-em	-e
Plur.	-es	-um	-ibus	-es	-ibus

i-stems: Gen pl -ium; Abl sg -i; Acc pl -is (m/f). Signs: same syllables in Nom/Gen (civis), or Nom in -is/-es, or stems ending in 2 consonants (urbs).

2) 3rd Declension (neuter)

corpus, corporis (body); mare, maris (sea, i-stem)

	Nom	Gen	Dat	Acc	Abl
Sing.	(var.)	-is	-i	(=Nom)	-e/-i
Plur.	-a	-um/-ium	-ibus	-a	-ibus

Neuter rule holds: Nom = Acc; plural in -a (or -ia for i-stems like maria).

3) 3rd Declension Adjectives

Two-termination: fortis (m/f), forte (n). One-termination: ingens (all genders).

They decline like 3rd declension nouns; neuter Nom/Acc match and plural in -ia for i-stems.

4) Core Pronouns

Personal
	Nom	Gen	Dat	Acc/Abl
1st sg	ego	mei	mihi	me
2nd sg	tu	tui	tibi	te
1st pl	nos	nostri/rum	nobis	nos/nobis
2nd pl	vos	vestri/rum	vobis	vos/vobis

is, ea, id (he/she/it; that)
	m	f	n
Nom sg	is	ea	id
Gen sg	eius
Dat sg	ei
Acc sg	eum	eam	id
Abl sg	eo	ea	eo
Nom pl	ei/ii	eae	ea
Gen pl	eorum/earum/eorum
Dat/Abl pl	eis/iis

Hic = this; ille = that (over there); iste = that (near you, sometimes sneering).

5) Relative Pronoun

qui, quae, quod = who/which/that; agrees with its antecedent in gender/number, but its case comes from its job in the relative clause.

	m	f	n
Nom sg	qui	quae	quod
Gen sg	cuius
Dat sg	cui
Acc sg	quem	quam	quod
Abl sg	quo	qua	quo
Nom pl	qui	quae	quae
Gen pl	quorum/quarum/quorum
Dat/Abl pl	quibus

6) Participles

Present active: stem + -ns/-nt- → "verbing": amans, amantis (loving)
Perfect passive: 4th principal part → "having been verbed": amatus, -a, -um
Future active: 4th pp stem + -urus → "about to verb": amaturus, -a, -um

Ablative absolute: participle + noun in ablative: rege vocato = after the king was called.

7) Passive Voice

Present endings: -r, -ris, -tur, -mur, -mini, -ntur (e.g., amatur = he is loved).

Imperfect: -bar, -baris, -batur, ...; Future: (1/2) -bor/-beris/-bitur...; (3/4) -ar/-eris/-etur...

Agent: a/ab + ablative of person; instrument without a/ab for things: a rege laudatur = he is praised by the king.

8) Subjunctive — Core Uses

Present stems: wE fEAr A lIAr (1-2-3-4 vowel swap: e, ea, a, ia).

Purpose: ut/ne + subj. Veni ut videam = I came to see.
Result: tam/tantus/ita... ut + subj. Tam fortis est ut vincat = so strong that he wins.
Indirect question: rogo quis veniat = I ask who is coming.
Hortatory/Jussive: eamus = let us go; ne feceris = do not do it.
Cum-clause: cum venisset, abiit = when he had come, he left.

9) Indirect Statement (Acc + Inf)

Verb of saying/thinking + accusative subject + infinitive.

Present: dicit puellam venire = he says the girl is coming.
Perfect: dixit puellam venisse = he said the girl had come.
Future: dicit puellam venturam esse = he says the girl will come.

10) High-frequency Irregulars

sum: sum, es, est, sumus, estis, sunt; eram; fui
possum: possum, potes, potest, possumus, potestis, possunt
eo: eo, is, it, imus, itis, eunt; ire; ii/ivi
fero: fero, fers, fert, ferimus, fertis, ferunt; tuli; latus
volo/nolo/malo: volo (I want), nolo (I do not want), malo (I prefer)