Key 3rd-declension nouns ﹠ adjectives, core clause words, and common "subjunctive-verbs" to match the Level 2 Mini Cheat Sheet.
1) 3rd Declension Nouns (m/f)
rex, regis (m) — king
mater, matris (f) — mother
pater, patris (m) — father
frater, fratris (m) — brother
soror, sororis (f) — sister
miles, militis (m) — soldier
hostis, hostis (m/f) — enemy
civis, civis (m/f) — citizen
princeps, principis (m) — leader / chief
dux, ducis (m) — leader / general
vox, vocis (f) — voice
legio, legionis (f) — legion (army unit)
homo, hominis (m) — man / person / human
imperator, imperatoris (m) — commander / emperor
2) 3rd Declension Nouns (neuter ﹠ abstract)
corpus, corporis (n) — body
mare, maris (n, i-stem) — sea
caput, capitis (n) — head
nomen, nominis (n) — name
opus, operis (n) — work / task
urbs, urbis (f) — city
pars, partis (f) — part
tempus, temporis (n) — time
iter, itineris (n) — journey / march / way
virtus, virtutis (f) — courage / excellence
salus, salutis (f) — safety / health
libertas, libertatis (f) — freedom
ratio, rationis (f) — reason / plan / method
res, rei (f, 5th) — thing / matter / affair
(res is 5th declension but extremely common in Level 2+ texts.)
3) 3rd Declension Adjectives
fortis, forte — brave / strong
omnis, omne — every / all
similis, simile — similar (to)
celer, celeris, celere — swift / quick
gravis, grave — heavy / serious
levis, leve — light (in weight) / slight
tristis, triste — sad
ingens, ingentis — huge / vast
acer, acris, acre — sharp / fierce
brevis, breve — short / brief
prudens, prudentis — wise / prudent
felix, felicis — lucky / fortunate
4) Verbs that often take clauses
rogo, rogare — ask (someone) (for / that)
oro, orare — beg / pray
peto, petere — seek / ask for
impero, imperare — command (take dat.)
iubeo, iubere — order (takes infinitive, not ut+subj.)
volo, velle — want / wish
nolo, nolle — not want / refuse
malo, malle — prefer
possum, posse — be able / can
timeo, timere — fear / be afraid
spero, sperare — hope
puto, putare — think
credo, credere — believe / trust (often with dat.)
scio, scire — know
nescio, nescire — not know
intellego, intellegere — understand
5) Clause ﹠ Subjunctive Glue Words
ut — that / in order that / so that
ne — that not / lest
cum — when / since / although (with subj.)
dum — while / as long as
postquam — after
antequam — before
si — if
nisi — unless / if not
quamquam — although
quod / quia — because
quamdiu — for as long as
ita — so / thus
tam — so (e.g. so great)
tamen — nevertheless / however
deinde — then / next
interea — meanwhile
6) Participles ﹠ Helpful Pairs
These verbs show up a lot in participle and ablative absolute examples:
vocatus, -a, -um — having been called (ppp of voco)
laudatus, -a, -um — having been praised
missus, -a, -um — having been sent (mitto)
ductus, -a, -um — having been led (duco)
factus, -a, -um — having been made / become (facio)
scriptus, -a, -um — having been written
amans, amantis — loving (present participle)
fugiens, fugientis — fleeing
loquens, loquentis — speaking
Sample ablative absolute models:
rege vocato — with the king having been called / after the king was called
hostibus victis — with the enemies having been defeated / after the enemies were defeated